The present study aimed to estimate the effect sizes of psychological variables associated with wrestlers’ performance and to examine heterogeneity across existing studies. This systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and the Persian databases SID, MagIran, and IranDoc for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Following screening, 12 correlational effect sizes were extracted from eligible studies. Correlation coefficients were transformed into Fisher’s z values and analyzed using a random-effects model, with between-study variance estimated by Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) and confidence intervals adjusted using the Hartung–Knapp–Sidik–Jonkman method.The findings indicated a significant negative association between competitive anxiety and performance (r = −0.50, 95% CI: −0.62 to −0.36). Role ambiguity/conflict was also negatively associated with performance (r = −0.35, 95% CI: −0.46 to −0.24). In the psychological skills domain, only one effect size was available, showing a very strong positive relationship with performance (r = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97 to 0.99); therefore, this finding was interpreted as single-study evidence. In the motivation/goal orientation domain statistical pooling was not performed because of limited evidence and dependent effect sizes, and findings were synthesized descriptively.Overall, the available evidence suggests that competitive anxiety and role-related stressors are associated with poorer performance, whereas psychological skills are linked to enhanced performance in wrestlers. Given the limited number of studies and observed heterogeneity, further research using standardized performance indicators is recommended.